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Kff.org/email | facebook.com/KaiserFamilyFoundation | twitter.com/kff Filling the need for trusted information on national health issues, the Kaiser Family Foundation is a nonprofit organization based in San Francisco, California.President Trump and Democratic nominee Joe Biden hold widely divergent views on health issues, with the president’s record and response to the asthma ventolin likely to play a central role in November’s elections.A new KFF side-by-side comparison examines President Trump’s record and former can you buy ventolin over the counter usa Vice President Biden’s positions across a wide range of key health issues, including the response to the ventolin, the Affordable Care Act marketplace, Medicaid, Medicare, drug prices, reproductive health, HIV, mental health and opioids, immigration and health coverage, and health costs.The resource provides a concise overview of the candidates’ positions on a range of health policy issues. While the Biden campaign has put forward many specific proposals, the Trump campaign has offered few new proposals for addressing health care in a second term and is can you buy ventolin over the counter usa instead running on his record in office.It is part of KFF’s ongoing efforts to provide useful information related to the health policy issues relevant for the 2020 elections, including policy analysis, polling, and journalism. Find more on our Election 2020 resource page..

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Since October 2011, most people who do not have Medicare obtained their drugs can you buy ventolin over the counter throug their Medicaid can you buy ventolin over the counter in nsw managed care plan. At that time, this drug benefit was "carved into" the Medicaid managed care benefit package. Before that date, people enrolled in a Medicaid managed care plan obtained all of their health care through the plan, but used their regular Medicaid card to access any drug available on the state formulary on a "fee for service" basis without needing to utilize a restricted pharmacy network or comply with managed care plan rules. COMING IN April can you buy ventolin over the counter in nsw 2021 - In the NYS Budget enacted in April 2020, the pharmacy benefit was "carved out" of "mainstream" Medicaid managed care plans.

That means that members of managed care plans will access their drugs outside their plan, unlike the rest of their medical care, which is accessed from in-network providers. How Prescription Drugs are Obtained through Managed Care plans No - Until April 2020 HOW DO MANAGED CARE PLANS DEFINE THE PHARMACY BENEFIT FOR CONSUMERS?. The Medicaid pharmacy benefit includes all FDA approved prescription drugs, as well as some can you buy ventolin over the counter in nsw over-the-counter drugs and medical supplies. Under Medicaid managed care.

Plan formularies will be comparable to but not the same as the Medicaid formulary. Managed care plans are required to have drug formularies that are can you buy ventolin over the counter in nsw “comparable” to the Medicaid fee for service formulary. Plan formularies do not have to include all drugs covered listed on the fee for service formulary, but they must include generic or therapeutic equivalents of all Medicaid covered drugs. The Pharmacy Benefit will vary by plan.

Each plan will have its own can you buy ventolin over the counter in nsw formulary and drug coverage policies like prior authorization and step therapy. Pharmacy networks can also differ from plan to plan. Prescriber Prevails applies in certain drug classes. Prescriber prevails applys to medically necessary precription drugs in the following classes can you buy ventolin over the counter in nsw.

atypical antipsychotics, anti-depressants, anti-retrovirals, anti-rejection, seizure, epilepsy, endocrine, hemotologic and immunologic therapeutics. Prescribers will need to demonstrate reasonable profession judgment and supply plans witht requested information and/or clinical documentation. Pharmacy Benefit Information Website can you buy ventolin over the counter in nsw -- http://mmcdruginformation.nysdoh.suny.edu/-- This website provides very helpful information on a plan by plan basis regarding pharmacy networks and drug formularies. The Department of Health plans to build capacity for interactive searches allowing for comparison of coverage across plans in the near future.

Standardized Prior Autorization (PA) Form -- The Department of Health worked with managed care plans, provider organizations and other state agencies to develop a standard prior authorization form for the pharmacy benefit in Medicaid managed care. The form can you buy ventolin over the counter in nsw will be posted on the Pharmacy Information Website in July of 2013. Mail Order Drugs -- Medicaid managed care members can obtain mail order/specialty drugs at any retail network pharmacy, as long as that retail network pharmacy agrees to a price that is comparable to the mail order/specialty pharmacy price. CAN CONSUMERS SWITCH PLANS IN ORDER TO GAIN ACCESS TO DRUGS?.

Changing plans is often an effective strategy for consumers eligible for both Medicaid and Medicare (dual eligibles) who receive their pharmacy service through Medicare Part D, because dual eligibles are allowed to switch plans at can you buy ventolin over the counter in nsw any time. Medicaid consumers will have this option only in the limited circumstances during the first year of enrollment in managed care. Medicaid managed care enrollees can only leave and join another plan within the first 90 days of joining a health plan. After the 90 can you buy ventolin over the counter in nsw days has expired, enrollees are “locked in” to the plan for the rest of the year.

Consumers can switch plans during the “lock in” period only for good cause. The pharmacy benefit changes are not considered good cause. After the first 12 months of enrollment, Medicaid managed care enrollees can can you buy ventolin over the counter in nsw switch plans at any time. STEPS CONSUMERS CAN TAKE WHEN A MANAGED CARE PLAM DENIES ACCESS TO A NECESSARY DRUG As a first step, consumers should try to work with their providers to satisfy plan requirements for prior authorization or step therapy or any other utilization control requirements.

If the plan still denies access, consumers can pursue review processes specific to managed care while at the same time pursuing a fair hearing. All plans are required to maintain an internal and external review process for complaints can you buy ventolin over the counter in nsw and appeals of service denials. Some plans may develop special procedures for drug denials. Information on these procedures should be provided in member handbooks.

Beginning April 1, 2018, Medicaid managed care enrollees whose plan denies prior approval of a prescription drug, or discontinues a drug that had been can you buy ventolin over the counter in nsw approved, will receive an Initial Adverse Determination notice from the plan - See Model Denial IAD Notice and IAD Notice to Reduce, Suspend or Stop Services The enrollee must first request an internal Plan Appeal and wait for the Plan's decision. An adverse decision is called a 'FInal Adverse Determination" or FAD. See model Denial FAD Notice and FAD Notice to Reduce, Suspend or Stop Services. The enroll has the right to request a can you buy ventolin over the counter in nsw fair hearing to appeal an FAD.

The enrollee may only request a fair hearing BEFORE receiving the FAD if the plan fails to send the FAD in the required time limit, which is 30 calendar days in standard appeals, and 72 hours in expedited appeals. The plan may extend the time to decide both standard and expedited appeals by up to 14 days if more information is needed and it is in the enrollee's interest. AID CONTINUING -- If an enrollee requests a Plan Appeal and then a fair hearing because access to a drug has been reduced or terminated, the enrollee has the right can you buy ventolin over the counter in nsw to aid continuing (continued access to the drug in question) while waiting for the Plan Appeal and then the fair hearing. The enrollee must request the Plan Appeal and then the Fair Hearing before the effective date of the IAD and FAD notices, which is a very short time - only 10 days including mailing time.

See more about the changes in Managed Care appeals here. Even can you buy ventolin over the counter in nsw though that article is focused on Managed Long Term Care, the new appeals requirements also apply to Mainstream Medicaid managed care. Enrollees who are in the first 90 days of enrollment, or past the first 12 months of enrollment also have the option of switching plans to improve access to their medications. Consumers who experience problems with access to prescription drugs should always file a complaint with the State Department of Health’s Managed Care Hotline, number listed below.

ACCESSING MEDICAID'S PHARMACY BENEFIT IN FEE FOR SERVICE MEDICAID For those Medicaid recipients who are not yet in a Medicaid Managed Care program, and who do not have Medicare Part D, the Medicaid Pharmacy program covers most of their prescription drugs and can you buy ventolin over the counter in nsw select non-prescription drugs and medical supplies for Family Health Plus enrollees. Certain drugs/drug categories require the prescribers to obtain prior authorization. These include brand name drugs that have a generic alternative under New York's mandatory generic drug program or prescribed drugs that are not on New York's preferred drug list. The full Medicaid formulary can be searched on the eMedNY website can you buy ventolin over the counter in nsw.

Even in fee for service Medicaid, prescribers must obtain prior authorization before prescribing non-preferred drugs unless otherwise indicated. Prior authorization is required for original prescriptions, not refills. A prior authorization is effective for can you buy ventolin over the counter in nsw the original dispensing and up to five refills of that prescription within the next six buy ventolin nebulizer solution months. Click here for more information on NY's prior authorization process.

The New York State Board of Pharmacy publishes an annual list of the 150 most frequently prescribed drugs, in the most common quantities. The State Department of Health collects retail price information on these drugs from pharmacies that participate in the can you buy ventolin over the counter in nsw Medicaid program. Click here to search for a specific drug from the most frequently prescribed drug list and this site can also provide you with the locations of pharmacies that provide this drug as well as their costs. Click here to view New York State Medicaid’s Pharmacy Provider Manual.

WHO YOU CAN CALL FOR HELP Community Health can you buy ventolin over the counter in nsw Advocates Hotline. 1-888-614-5400 NY State Department of Health's Managed Care Hotline. 1-800-206-8125 (Mon. - Fri can you buy ventolin over the counter in nsw.

8:30 am - 4:30 pm) NY State Department of Insurance. 1-800-400-8882 NY State Attorney General's Health Care Bureau. 1-800-771-7755Haitian individuals and immigrants from some other countries who have applied for Temporary can you buy ventolin over the counter in nsw Protected Status (TPS) may be eligible for public health insurance in New York State. 2019 updates - The Trump administration has taken steps to end TPS status.

Two courts have temporarily enjoined the termination of TPS, one in New York State in April 2019 and one in California in October 2018. The can you buy ventolin over the counter in nsw California case was argued in an appeals court on August 14, 2019, which the LA Times reported looked likely to uphold the federal action ending TPS. See US Immigration Website on TPS - General TPS website with links to status in all countries, including HAITI. See also Pew Research March 2019 article.

Courts Block Changes in Public charge rule- See updates on the can you buy ventolin over the counter in nsw Public Charge rule here, blocked by federal court injunctions in October 2019. Read more about this change in public charge rules here. What is Temporary Protected Status?. TPS is a temporary immigration status granted to eligible individuals of a certain country designated by the Department of Homeland Security because serious temporary conditions in that country, such as armed conflict or environmental disaster, can you buy ventolin over the counter in nsw prevents people from that country to return safely.

On January 21, 2010 the United States determined that individuals from Haiti warranted TPS because of the devastating earthquake that occurred there on January 12. TPS gives undocumented Haitian residents, who were living in the U.S. On January 12, 2010, protection from forcible deportation and allows them to work legally can you buy ventolin over the counter in nsw. It is important to note that the U.S.

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For more information on immigrant eligibility for public health insurance in New York see 08 GIS MA/009 can you buy ventolin over the counter in nsw and the attached chart. Where to Apply What to BringIndividuals who have applied for TPS will need to bring several documents to prove their eligibility for public health insurance. Individuals will need to bring. 1) Proof of identity can you buy ventolin over the counter in nsw.

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Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) has received the application for TPS. Free Communication Assistance All applicants for public health insurance, including Haitian Creole speakers, have a right to get help in a language they can understand can you buy ventolin over the counter in nsw. All Medicaid offices and enrollers are required to offer free translation and interpretation services to anyone who cannot communicate effectively in English. A bilingual worker or an interpreter, whether in-person or over the telephone, must be provided in all interactions with the office.

Important documents, such as Medicaid applications, should be translated either orally or in can you buy ventolin over the counter in nsw writing. Interpreter services must be offered free of charge, and applicants requiring interpreter services must not be made to wait unreasonably longer than English speaking applicants. An applicant must never be asked to bring their own interpreter. Related Resources on TPS and Public Health Insurance can you buy ventolin over the counter in nsw o The New York Immigration Coalition (NYIC) has compiled a list of agencies, law firms, and law schools responding to the tragedy in Haiti and the designation of Haiti for Temporary Protected Status.

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CONTACT THE New York State New Americans Hotline for a referral to an organization to advise you. 212-419-3737 Monday-Friday, from 9:00 a.m. To 8:00 p.m.Saturday-Sunday, from 9:00 a.m. To 5:00 p.m.

Before that date, people enrolled in a Medicaid managed care plan obtained all of their health care through the plan, but used their regular Medicaid card to access any drug available on the state formulary on a "fee for service" basis without needing can you buy ventolin over the counter usa to utilize a restricted pharmacy network or comply with managed care plan rules what do you need to buy ventolin. COMING IN April 2021 - In the NYS Budget enacted in April 2020, the pharmacy benefit was "carved out" of "mainstream" Medicaid managed care plans. That means that members of managed care plans will access their drugs outside their plan, unlike the rest of their medical care, which is accessed from in-network providers. How Prescription Drugs are Obtained through can you buy ventolin over the counter usa Managed Care plans No - Until April 2020 HOW DO MANAGED CARE PLANS DEFINE THE PHARMACY BENEFIT FOR CONSUMERS?. The Medicaid pharmacy benefit includes all FDA approved prescription drugs, as well as some over-the-counter drugs and medical supplies.

Under Medicaid managed care. Plan formularies will can you buy ventolin over the counter usa be comparable to but not the same as the Medicaid formulary. Managed care plans are required to have drug formularies that are “comparable” to the Medicaid fee for service formulary. Plan formularies do not have to include all drugs covered listed on the fee for service formulary, but they must include generic or therapeutic equivalents of all Medicaid covered drugs. The Pharmacy can you buy ventolin over the counter usa Benefit will vary by plan.

Each plan will have its own formulary and drug coverage policies like prior authorization and step therapy. Pharmacy networks can also differ from plan to plan. Prescriber Prevails applies can you buy ventolin over the counter usa in certain drug classes. Prescriber prevails applys to medically necessary precription drugs in the following classes. atypical antipsychotics, anti-depressants, anti-retrovirals, anti-rejection, seizure, epilepsy, endocrine, hemotologic and immunologic therapeutics.

Prescribers will need to can you buy ventolin over the counter usa demonstrate reasonable profession judgment and supply plans witht requested information and/or clinical documentation. Pharmacy Benefit Information Website -- http://mmcdruginformation.nysdoh.suny.edu/-- This website provides very helpful information on a plan by plan basis regarding pharmacy networks and drug formularies. The Department of Health plans to build capacity for interactive searches allowing for comparison of coverage across plans in the near future. Standardized Prior Autorization (PA) Form -- The Department of Health worked with managed care plans, provider organizations and other state agencies to develop a standard prior can you buy ventolin over the counter usa authorization form for the pharmacy benefit in Medicaid managed care. The form will be posted on the Pharmacy Information Website in July of 2013.

Mail Order Drugs -- Medicaid managed care members can obtain mail order/specialty drugs at any retail network pharmacy, as long as that retail network pharmacy agrees to a price that is comparable to the mail order/specialty pharmacy price. CAN CONSUMERS can you buy ventolin over the counter usa SWITCH PLANS IN ORDER TO GAIN ACCESS TO DRUGS?. Changing plans is often an effective strategy for consumers eligible for both Medicaid and Medicare (dual eligibles) who receive their pharmacy service through Medicare Part D, because dual eligibles are allowed to switch plans at any time. Medicaid consumers will have this option only in the limited circumstances during the first year of enrollment in managed care. Medicaid managed care enrollees can only leave and join another plan within the first 90 days of joining can you buy ventolin over the counter usa a health plan.

After the 90 days has expired, enrollees are “locked in” to the plan for the rest of the year. Consumers can switch plans during the “lock in” period only for good cause. The pharmacy benefit changes are can you buy ventolin over the counter usa not considered good cause. After the first 12 months of enrollment, Medicaid managed care enrollees can switch plans at any time. STEPS CONSUMERS CAN TAKE WHEN A MANAGED CARE PLAM DENIES ACCESS TO A NECESSARY DRUG As a first step, consumers should try to work with their providers to satisfy plan requirements for prior authorization or step therapy or any other utilization control requirements.

If the plan still denies access, consumers can pursue review processes specific to managed can you buy ventolin over the counter usa care while at the same time pursuing a fair hearing. All plans are required to maintain an internal and external review process for complaints and appeals of service denials. Some plans may develop special procedures for drug denials. Information on these procedures should be provided in can you buy ventolin over the counter usa member handbooks. Beginning April 1, 2018, Medicaid managed care enrollees whose plan denies prior approval of a prescription drug, or discontinues a drug that had been approved, will receive an Initial Adverse Determination notice from the plan - See Model Denial IAD Notice and IAD Notice to Reduce, Suspend or Stop Services The enrollee must first request an internal Plan Appeal and wait for the Plan's decision.

An adverse decision is called a 'FInal Adverse Determination" or FAD. See model can you buy ventolin over the counter usa Denial FAD Notice and FAD Notice to Reduce, Suspend or Stop Services. The enroll has the right to request a fair hearing to appeal an FAD. The enrollee may only request a fair hearing BEFORE receiving the FAD if the plan fails to send the FAD in the required time limit, which is 30 calendar days in standard appeals, and 72 hours in expedited appeals. The plan may extend the time to decide both standard and expedited appeals by up can you buy ventolin over the counter usa to 14 days if more information is needed and it is in the enrollee's interest.

AID CONTINUING -- If an enrollee requests a Plan Appeal and then a fair hearing because access to a drug has been reduced or terminated, the enrollee has the right to aid continuing (continued access to the drug in question) while waiting for the Plan Appeal and then the fair hearing. The enrollee must request the Plan Appeal and then the Fair Hearing before the effective date of the IAD and FAD notices, which is a very short time - only 10 days including mailing time. See more about the changes in Managed Care can you buy ventolin over the counter usa appeals here. Even though that article is focused on Managed Long Term Care, the new appeals requirements also apply to Mainstream Medicaid managed care. Enrollees who are in the first 90 days of enrollment, or past the first 12 months of enrollment also have the option of switching plans to improve access to their medications.

Consumers who experience problems with access to prescription drugs should always file a complaint with the State Department of Health’s Managed Care Hotline, can you buy ventolin over the counter usa number listed below. ACCESSING MEDICAID'S PHARMACY BENEFIT IN FEE FOR SERVICE MEDICAID For those Medicaid recipients who are not yet in a Medicaid Managed Care program, and who do not have Medicare Part D, the Medicaid Pharmacy program covers most of their prescription drugs and select non-prescription drugs and medical supplies for Family Health Plus enrollees. Certain drugs/drug categories require the prescribers to obtain prior authorization. These include brand name drugs that have a generic alternative under New York's mandatory generic drug program or prescribed drugs that are can you buy ventolin over the counter usa not on New York's preferred drug list. The full Medicaid formulary can be searched on the eMedNY website.

Even in fee for service Medicaid, prescribers must obtain prior authorization before prescribing non-preferred drugs unless otherwise indicated. Prior authorization can you buy ventolin over the counter usa is required for original prescriptions, not refills. A prior authorization is effective for the original dispensing and up to five refills of that prescription within the next six months. Click here for more information on NY's prior authorization process. The New content York State Board of Pharmacy publishes an annual list of the 150 most frequently prescribed drugs, in the most can you buy ventolin over the counter usa common quantities.

The State Department of Health collects retail price information on these drugs from pharmacies that participate in the Medicaid program. Click here to search for a specific drug from the most frequently prescribed drug list and this site can also provide you with the locations of pharmacies that provide this drug as well as their costs. Click here to view New York State Medicaid’s Pharmacy Provider Manual can you buy ventolin over the counter usa. WHO YOU CAN CALL FOR HELP Community Health Advocates Hotline. 1-888-614-5400 NY State Department of Health's Managed Care Hotline.

1-800-206-8125 can you buy ventolin over the counter usa (Mon. - Fri. 8:30 am - 4:30 pm) NY State Department of Insurance. 1-800-400-8882 NY can you buy ventolin over the counter usa State Attorney General's Health Care Bureau. 1-800-771-7755Haitian individuals and immigrants from some other countries who have applied for Temporary Protected Status (TPS) may be eligible for public health insurance in New York State.

2019 updates - The Trump administration has taken steps to end TPS status. Two courts have temporarily enjoined the termination of TPS, one in New can you buy ventolin over the counter usa York State in April 2019 and one in California in October 2018. The California case was argued in an appeals court on August 14, 2019, which the LA Times reported looked likely to uphold the federal action ending TPS. See US Immigration Website on TPS - General TPS website with links to status in all countries, including HAITI. See can you buy ventolin over the counter usa also Pew Research March 2019 article.

Courts Block Changes in Public charge rule- See updates on the Public Charge rule here, blocked by federal court injunctions in October 2019. Read more about this change in public charge rules here. What is Temporary can you buy ventolin over the counter usa Protected Status?. TPS is a temporary immigration status granted to eligible individuals of a certain country designated by the Department of Homeland Security because serious temporary conditions in that country, such as armed conflict or environmental disaster, prevents people from that country to return safely. On January 21, 2010 the United States determined that individuals from Haiti warranted TPS because of the devastating earthquake that occurred there on January 12.

TPS gives undocumented Haitian residents, who were living can you buy ventolin over the counter usa in the U.S. On January 12, 2010, protection from forcible deportation and allows them to work legally. It is important to note that the U.S. Grants TPS to individuals from other countries, as well, including individuals from El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, can you buy ventolin over the counter usa Somalia and Sudan. TPS and Public Health Insurance TPS applicants residing in New York are eligible for Medicaid and Family Health Plus as long as they also meet the income requirements for these programs.

In New York, applicants for TPS are considered PRUCOL immigrants (Permanently Residing Under Color of Law) for purposes of medical assistance eligibility and thus meet the immigration status requirements for Medicaid, Family Health Plus, and the Family Planning Benefit Program. Nearly all children in can you buy ventolin over the counter usa New York remain eligible for Child Health Plus including TPS applicants and children who lack immigration status. For more information on immigrant eligibility for public health insurance in New York see 08 GIS MA/009 and the attached chart. Where to Apply What to BringIndividuals who have applied for TPS will need to bring several documents to prove their eligibility for public health insurance. Individuals will need to bring can you buy ventolin over the counter usa.

1) Proof of identity. 2) Proof of residence in New York. 3) Proof of can you buy ventolin over the counter usa income. 4) Proof of application for TPS. 5) Proof that U.S.

Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) has received the can you buy ventolin over the counter usa application for TPS. Free Communication Assistance All applicants for public health insurance, including Haitian Creole speakers, have a right to get help in a language they can understand. All Medicaid offices and enrollers are required to offer free translation and interpretation services to anyone who cannot communicate effectively in English. A bilingual worker or an can you buy ventolin over the counter usa interpreter, whether in-person or over the telephone, must be provided in all interactions with the office. Important documents, such as Medicaid applications, should be translated either orally or in writing.

Interpreter services must be offered free of charge, and applicants requiring interpreter services must not be made to wait unreasonably longer than English speaking applicants. An applicant must never can you buy ventolin over the counter usa be asked to bring their own interpreter. Related Resources on TPS and Public Health Insurance o The New York Immigration Coalition (NYIC) has compiled a list of agencies, law firms, and law schools responding to the tragedy in Haiti and the designation of Haiti for Temporary Protected Status. A copy of the list is posted at the NYIC’s website at http://www.thenyic.org. o USCIS TPS website with links to can you buy ventolin over the counter usa status in all countries, including HAITI.

O For information on eligibility for public health insurance programs call The Legal Aid Society’s Benefits Hotline 1-888-663-6880 Tuesdays, Wednesdays and Thursdays. 9:30 am - 12:30 pm FOR IMMIGRATION HELP. CONTACT THE New York State New Americans Hotline for a referral to an organization to advise you. 212-419-3737 Monday-Friday, from 9:00 a.m. To 8:00 p.m.Saturday-Sunday, from 9:00 a.m.

To 5:00 p.m. Or call toll-free in New York State at 1-800-566-7636 Please see these fact sheets and web sites of national organizations for more information about the new PUBLIC CHARGE rules. Printable Fact Sheets for Distribution This article was co-authored by the New York Immigration Coalition, Empire Justice Center and the Health Law Unit of the Legal Aid Society.

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We are social epidemiologists and is salbutamol and ventolin the same community advocates focused on addressing social http://grangebaptistchurch.org/resources/ determinants of health inequities. While we appreciate O’Neill et al’s effort to link multiple provincial-level administrative data sets to examine homicide victimisation by immigration status in Ontario, Canada, we have concerns about the framing and interpretation of findings and their potential impact on immigrants and refugees.1FRAMING AND APPROACHWhile O’Neill et al’s data and sample size are strengths, the attention to the context of being an immigrant to Canada, theoretical framework and motivation for examining immigrants in relation to homicide victimisation are not fully developed. O’Neill et al do not acknowledge having done any community engagement which is critical and ethical2 given the long history of exclusion, exploitation, is salbutamol and ventolin the same racism and discrimination, and the current global climate of increasing criminalisation of migrants. Meaningful community engagement offers important context.

Helps shape the is salbutamol and ventolin the same research purpose, questions, approach, interpretation and recommendations. And can reduce the potential for harm.Though criminalisation of migration under security pretexts is an infringement of international law,3 and contradicts evidence that immigration is related to a reduction in crime,4 many high-income countries, including Canada, are framing harmful immigration policy (eg, restricting entry, detaining immigrants) as an urgent need to protect against threats of safety and security,4 5 disproportionately targeting racialised and Muslim immigrants and refugees. Within this policy context, along with political rhetoric to generate support for it, hate crimes are at record highs in Canada, with approximately 85% of these crimes motivated by racism and is salbutamol and ventolin the same ethnic or religious discrimination.6Not only does this paper fail to consider this context, the statements that immigrant communities are ‘predisposed to violence’ without evidence to support this claim. The conflation of perpetrating and dying by homicide, by alternating between the use of ‘homicide’ and ‘homicide victimisation’.

And the is salbutamol and ventolin the same suggestion that ‘cultural views on gender’ increase risk of violence and homicide victimisation against immigrant women, are particularly harmful.RESULTS AND INTERPRETATIONThe authors’ emphasis on the increased risk of homicide victimisation of female and male refugees compared to long-term residents is misleading given that these results are not statistically significant. The authors argue that the findings are important regardless of significance, because of large effect sizes. But for many researchers, effect sizes of 1.31 and 1.23, respectively, would be considered small to medium and would lead to a much more cautious interpretation.The authors’ interpretation that non-refugee immigrants have a lower risk of homicide victimisation because Canada’s immigration policies select for highly educated and healthy immigrants reflects problems with the theory informing this research, since is salbutamol and ventolin the same homicide victimisation is not within the control of an individual. Social epidemiology was founded on the need to where can i get ventolin theorise political, economic and cultural context over and above individual characteristics.7 A concerning omission is that there is no mention of the potential for hate crimes6 to be at least partially responsible for homicide victimisation among refugees and immigrants.

Additionally, in the text, it is left unclear how a refugee’s history of ‘violence, trauma and torture’ and ‘depression and psychosocial illness’ are linked to is salbutamol and ventolin the same homicide victimisation. Such unsupported statements omit essential consideration that Canadian neighbourhoods are heterogeneous combinations of refugees, non-refugees and long-term residents and that violence occurs within a social context which includes racism, xenophobia and Islamophobia.8With the study’s low counts of homicide victimisations among refugees (31 among females and 89 among males over 20 years), 90% of all homicide victimisations in the same time period occurring among long-term residents (table 1 of paper), and no clear data pointing to specific factors to intervene upon, we argue that this potential in excess homicide victimisation does not warrant targeted homicide prevention strategies, as the authors suggest. Broader prevention strategies targeting the entire population (eg, a national ban on handguns and assault weapons,9 10 implementing Canada’s Anti-Racism Strategy8) may be more beneficial in reducing homicide victimisation.POTENTIAL IMPACTWe are concerned that the paper’s framing, approach and interpretation could is salbutamol and ventolin the same negatively impact immigrant and refugee communities targeted by significant racism, anti-immigrant sentiment and Islamophobia at policy, practice, community and individual levels.6 11 Community engagement from the start, and comprehensive multi-level, multistage social determinants of immigrant health framework,11 could have prevented misinterpretations of the findings and this potential for harm. It could have also shifted the approach from a deficit- to an asset-based one that recognises the leadership and impacts of women who founded groups such as Mothers for Peace12 and Mending a Crack in the Sky.13 These groups combat the stigmatisation of mothers and families that have lost children to violence.

Support mothers and families experiencing is salbutamol and ventolin the same ongoing trauma due to violence. And advocate for policy and programme change to reduce poverty, violence and homicide for all people in Canada, a more inclusive public health approach.We thank Wanigaratne and Mawani et al for taking the time to write this Commentary,1 which we have read with great interest. We agree that the framing and interpretation of is salbutamol and ventolin the same findings about immigrant and refugee communities is of great importance and appreciate the opportunity to provide clarification. We would first like to acknowledge the valuable expertise of the authors as well as their strong relationships and vital advocacy work within communities.The primary aim of our study was to provide descriptive epidemiology of homicide in Ontario.2 Very few population-level descriptive studies have been published characterising homicides, particularly regarding trends in homicide victimisation between and across population subgroups.

Our study team includes epidemiologists, professional and academics who work at the intersection of public health and violence, experience with implementing violence prevention programmes in marginalised populations around the world and expertise in working with large linked health administrative data.The linked health and administrative databases we used help fill the data gap with respect to understanding the victims of violence, including but not limited to refugee status.3 This aim is consistent with other descriptive database studies published about health and health system is salbutamol and ventolin the same outcomes among immigrant and refugee populations in Ontario.4–11 The motivation for this study was to provide descriptive data that can be used by communities and researchers to better understand the distribution of health outcomes across populations. Our study found differences in risk of homicide across several social and economic indicators, including lower socioeconomic ….

We are http://blog.lumitone.com/?p=662 social can you buy ventolin over the counter usa epidemiologists and community advocates focused on addressing social determinants of health inequities. While we appreciate O’Neill et al’s effort to link multiple provincial-level administrative data sets to examine homicide victimisation by immigration status in Ontario, Canada, we have concerns about the framing and interpretation of findings and their potential impact on immigrants and refugees.1FRAMING AND APPROACHWhile O’Neill et al’s data and sample size are strengths, the attention to the context of being an immigrant to Canada, theoretical framework and motivation for examining immigrants in relation to homicide victimisation are not fully developed. O’Neill et al do not acknowledge having done any community engagement which is critical and ethical2 given the long history of exclusion, exploitation, racism and discrimination, and the current global climate of increasing can you buy ventolin over the counter usa criminalisation of migrants. Meaningful community engagement offers important context.

Helps shape the can you buy ventolin over the counter usa research purpose, questions, approach, interpretation and recommendations. And can reduce the potential for harm.Though criminalisation of migration under security pretexts is an infringement of international law,3 and contradicts evidence that immigration is related to a reduction in crime,4 many high-income countries, including Canada, are framing harmful immigration policy (eg, restricting entry, detaining immigrants) as an urgent need to protect against threats of safety and security,4 5 disproportionately targeting racialised and Muslim immigrants and refugees. Within this policy context, along with political rhetoric to generate support for it, can you buy ventolin over the counter usa hate crimes are at record highs in Canada, with approximately 85% of these crimes motivated by racism and ethnic or religious discrimination.6Not only does this paper fail to consider this context, the statements that immigrant communities are ‘predisposed to violence’ without evidence to support this claim. The conflation of perpetrating and dying by homicide, by alternating between the use of ‘homicide’ and ‘homicide victimisation’.

And the suggestion that ‘cultural views on gender’ increase risk of violence and homicide victimisation against immigrant women, are particularly can you buy ventolin over the counter usa harmful.RESULTS AND INTERPRETATIONThe authors’ emphasis on the increased risk of homicide victimisation of female and male refugees compared to long-term residents is misleading given that these results are not statistically significant. The authors argue that the findings are important regardless of significance, because of large effect sizes. But for many researchers, effect sizes of 1.31 and 1.23, respectively, would be considered small to medium and would lead to can you buy ventolin over the counter usa a much more cautious interpretation.The authors’ interpretation that non-refugee immigrants have a lower risk of homicide victimisation because Canada’s immigration policies select for highly educated and healthy immigrants reflects problems with the theory informing this research, since homicide victimisation is not within the control of an individual. Social epidemiology was founded on the need http://chetlyzarko.com/sample-page/ to theorise political, economic and cultural context over and above individual characteristics.7 A concerning omission is that there is no mention of the potential for hate crimes6 to be at least partially responsible for homicide victimisation among refugees and immigrants.

Additionally, in the text, it is left unclear how a refugee’s history of can you buy ventolin over the counter usa ‘violence, trauma and torture’ and ‘depression and psychosocial illness’ are linked to homicide victimisation. Such unsupported statements omit essential consideration that Canadian neighbourhoods are heterogeneous combinations of refugees, non-refugees and long-term residents and that violence occurs within a social context which includes racism, xenophobia and Islamophobia.8With the study’s low counts of homicide victimisations among refugees (31 among females and 89 among males over 20 years), 90% of all homicide victimisations in the same time period occurring among long-term residents (table 1 of paper), and no clear data pointing to specific factors to intervene upon, we argue that this potential in excess homicide victimisation does not warrant targeted homicide prevention strategies, as the authors suggest. Broader prevention strategies targeting the entire population (eg, a national ban on handguns and assault weapons,9 10 implementing Canada’s Anti-Racism Strategy8) may be more beneficial in reducing homicide victimisation.POTENTIAL IMPACTWe are concerned that the paper’s framing, approach and interpretation could negatively impact immigrant and refugee communities targeted by significant racism, anti-immigrant sentiment and Islamophobia at policy, practice, community and individual levels.6 11 Community engagement from the start, and comprehensive multi-level, multistage social determinants of immigrant can you buy ventolin over the counter usa health framework,11 could have prevented misinterpretations of the findings and this potential for harm. It could have also shifted the approach from a deficit- to an asset-based one that recognises the leadership and impacts of women who founded groups such as Mothers for Peace12 and Mending a Crack in the Sky.13 These groups combat the stigmatisation of mothers and families that have lost children to violence.

Support mothers and families experiencing ongoing trauma can you buy ventolin over the counter usa due to violence. And advocate for policy and programme change to reduce poverty, violence and homicide for all people in Canada, a more inclusive public health approach.We thank Wanigaratne and Mawani et al for taking the time to write this Commentary,1 which we have read with great interest. We agree that can you buy ventolin over the counter usa the framing and interpretation of findings about immigrant and refugee communities is of great importance and appreciate the opportunity to provide clarification. We would first like to acknowledge the valuable expertise of the authors as well as their strong relationships and vital advocacy work within communities.The primary aim of our study was to provide descriptive epidemiology of homicide in Ontario.2 Very few population-level descriptive studies have been published characterising homicides, particularly regarding trends in homicide victimisation between and across population subgroups.

Our study can you buy ventolin over the counter usa team includes epidemiologists, professional and academics who work at the intersection of public health and violence, experience with implementing violence prevention programmes in marginalised populations around the world and expertise in working with large linked health administrative data.The linked health and administrative databases we used help fill the data gap with respect to understanding the victims of violence, including but not limited to refugee status.3 This aim is consistent with other descriptive database studies published about health and health system outcomes among immigrant and refugee populations in Ontario.4–11 The motivation for this study was to provide descriptive data that can be used by communities and researchers to better understand the distribution of health outcomes across populations. Our study found differences in risk of homicide across several social and economic indicators, including lower socioeconomic ….

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On January 30, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the ventolin represents a public health emergency of international concern, and on January 31, 2020, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services declared it to be a health emergency for the United States.With schools nationwide preparing for fall and the federal government encouraging in-person classes, key concerns for can you buy ventolin over the counter usa school officials, teachers and parents include the risks that asthma poses to children and their role in transmission of the disease.A new KFF brief examines the latest available data and evidence about the issues around asthma treatment and children and what they suggest about the risks posed for reopening classrooms. The review concludes can you buy ventolin over the counter usa that while children are much less likely than adults to become severely ill, they can transmit the ventolin. Key findings include:Disease severity is significantly less in children, though rarely some do get very sick.

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